Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Elements of Learning Management Using Digital Lessons (D-Book) to Develop Higher-Order Thinking Skills in 21st Century Students for Basic Education Level

Abstract

This research aimed to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis of learning management using digital lessons (D-Book) to develop 21st century thinking skills in students at the basic education level. Data was collected using questionnaires from a population of 350 volunteer teachers who registered to receive the D-Book learning kits for teaching in the 2023 academic year in schools under the Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office. A self-selected sampling method was used. The instrument used was a 5-level Likert scale questionnaire with an IOC value of 1.00. Data was analyzed using advanced statistical software. The questionnaire had a reliability coefficient of .86.

The factor analysis results showed that the model was consistent with the empirical data. This can be seen from the chi-square value of 413.63; p=0.00432 with 321 degrees of freedom, and the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) of 0.93, the Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) of 0.91, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of 1.00, and the Root Mean Square Error of Estimation (RMSEA) of 0.036. It comprises key components of digital learning (D-Book) designed to develop higher-order thinking skills in 21st century skills at the basic education level, including: 1) Understanding of digital media use; 2) Designing active learning experiences; 3) Processes for developing higher-order thinking skills in students; 4) Steps in learning with digital media, problem-solving using internet information; and 5) Assessment to develop higher-order thinking skills from digital projects or innovations, along with presentation and reflection through a Professional Learning Community (PLC), with group activities for collaboratively designing digital innovations using free-ware 3D applications. It is a simulation tool that allows for the extraction of knowledge and explanation using higher-order thinking processes, encompassing accuracy, speed, precision, and the ability to predict future events with confidence.